Reinfection: The most common cause is reinfection with the same or different bacteria after initial successful treatment.

Bacterial Persistence: In some cases, bacteria can persist in the urinary tract despite treatment, leading to relapses.

Risk Factors:

1. Sexual Activity: Frequent sexual intercourse is a significant risk factor, particularly in women.

2. Menopause: Untreated atrophic vaginitis, a condition common after menopause, can increase the risk.

3. Hygiene: Poor hygiene practices, such as wiping from back to front, can contribute to recurrent UTIs.

4. Use of Diaphragms and Spermicides: These can increase the risk of UTIs.

5. Underlying Conditions: Certain conditions, such as pelvic floor disorders, incontinence, or kidney stones, can make it difficult to completely empty the bladder, increasing the risk of infection.

Pain or burning during urination.

Frequent or urgent need to urinate.

Pain or pressure in the pelvic area.

Blood in the urine (hematuria).

Fever.

Diagnosis: Doctors typically diagnose UTIs through urine tests, looking for the presence of bacteria.

Treatments:

1. Antibiotics: Antibiotics are the primary treatment for UTIs, but recurrent UTIs may require a longer course of antibiotics or a low-dose antibiotic for a longer period (prophylaxis).

2. Preventative Measures:

1. Hydration: Drinking plenty of water can help flush bacteria out of the urinary tract.

2. Hygiene: Practicing good hygiene, such as wiping from front to back, can help prevent UTIs.

3. Cranberry Products: Some studies suggest that cranberry products (juice or tablets) may help reduce the frequency of recurrent UTIs.

4. Urinate After Sex: Urinating after sexual intercourse can help flush out bacteria.

1. If left untreated, recurrent UTIs can lead to kidney damage.

2. In some cases, recurrent UTIs can lead to upper tract infections or urosepsis.

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